Infrared Spectra and Visibilities as Probes of the Outer Atmospheres of Red Supergiant Stars
نویسنده
چکیده
In the light of the recent results of the stellar interferometry, we examine the nature of the extra molecular layer outside the photosphere of red supergiant stars, so far studied mostly with the use of the infrared spectra. Although the visibility data are more direct probes of the spatial structure of the outer atmosphere, it is essential that they are analyzed in combination with the spectral data of a wide spectral coverage. In the case of the M2 supergiant μ Cephei, several sets of data, both spectra and visibilities, strongly suggested the presence of an extra-molecular layer (which we referred to as molsphere for simplicity) , and the basic parameters of the molsphere are estimated to be: excitation temperature Tex ≈ 1600K, column densities of CO and H2O molecules Ncol ≈ 3.0×10 cm, and located at about one stellar radii above the photosphere or Rin ≈ 2.0R∗. The result shows reasonable agreement with the one based on the infrared spectra alone, and this may be because the infrared spectra already include some information on the spatial structure of the outer atmosphere. It is important, however, that the model inferred from the spectra is now fully supported with the recent visibility data. In the case of the M2 supergiant α Orionis, the infrared spectra and visibilities show a consistent picture in that its molsphere is closer to the photosphere (Rin ≈ 1.3R∗) with higher gas temperature (Tex ≈ 2250K) and lower gas column density (Ncol ≈ 10 cm), compared with that of μ Cep. Some controversy on the interpretation of the mid infrared data of α Orionis can be reconciled. Given that the presence of the extra molecular layer is reasonably well established, consistently with the spectral and visibility data, in at least two representative red supergiant stars α Orionis and μ Cephei, the major unsolved problem is how to understand the origin of such a rather warm and dense layer in the outer atmosphere. Subject headings: molecular processes – stars: individual (α Ori, μ Cep) – stars: supergiants – stars: late-type
منابع مشابه
Pulsating red giant and supergiant stars in the Local Group dwarf galaxy Andromeda I
We have conducted an optical long-term monitoring survey of the majority of dwarf galaxies in the Local Group, with the Isaac Newton Telescope (INT), to identify the long period variable (LPV) stars. LPV stars vary on timescales of months to years, and reach the largest amplitudes of their brightness variations at optical wavelengths, due to the changing temperature. They trace stellar populati...
متن کاملEvolutionary Synthesis Modeling of Red Supergiant Features in the Near{infrared
We present evolutionary synthesis models applied to near{infrared spectral features observed in the spectra of young Magellanic Cloud clusters and starburst galaxies. The temporal evolution of the rst and second overtones of CO at 2.29 m (2{0 bandhead) and 1.62 m (6{ 3 bandhead) and of the (U ? B), (B ? V) and (J ? K) colors are investigated. We nd that the current evolutionary tracks of massiv...
متن کاملMulti-wavelength interferometry of evolved stars using VLTI and VLBA
We report on our project of coordinated VLTI/VLBA observations of the atmospheres and circumstellar environments of evolved stars. We illustrate in general the potential of interferometric measurements to study stellar atmospheres and envelopes, and demonstrate in particular the advantages of a coordinated multiwavelength approach including near/mid-infrared as well as radio interferometry. We ...
متن کاملAtmospheric dynamics and the mass loss process in red supergiant stars
Context. Red supergiant stars represent a key phase in the evolution of massive stars. Recent radiative hydrodynamic simulations suggest that their atmospheres may be the location of large-scale convective motions. Aims. As supergiant convection is expected to generate supersonic motions and shocks, we seek constraints on these atmospheric motions and their possible relation with mass-loss rate...
متن کاملIntegral-Field Spectroscopy of the Post Red Supergiant IRC +10420: evidence for an axi-symmetric wind
We present NAOMI/OASIS adaptive-optics assisted integral-field spectroscopy of the transitional massive hypergiant IRC +10420, an extreme masslosing star apparently in the process of evolving from a Red Supergiant toward the Wolf-Rayet phase. To investigate the present-day mass-loss geometry of the star, we study the appearance of the line-emission from the inner wind as viewed when reflected o...
متن کامل